Answer the following questions to see who you should vote for in the 2022 Basingstoke Parliamentary election.
英国君主是限于非党派职能如施恩荣誉，任命首相，并由传统的英国武装部队总司令。虽然政府最终正式行政权力仍然是透过君主的皇家特权，这些权力是才可根据法例在议会和在公约和先例的约束之内。
了解更多 统计 讨论
In 1971 Parliament passed the Misuse of Drugs act which made the non-medical use of certain drugs illegal. The act classified the drugs into 3 penalty categories. Class A: Cocaine, crack, ecstasy, heroin, LSD, methadone, methamphetamine and magic mushrooms. Penalty: 6 Months to Life Class B: Amphetimine, barbiturates, codeine, ketamine, synthetic cannabinoids, mephedrone, methylone, methedrone and MDPV. Penalty: 3 Months to 14 Years. Class C: Anabolic steroids, benzodiazepines, GBL and GHB, khat and BZP. Penalty: 3 Months to 14 Years.
零小时合同是就业的协议。它并不规定雇主为雇员提供工作但名员工预计将在调用和接收补偿，只是为工作时间。零小时合同可能是理想的退休人员和学生想要偶尔收入和灵活关于他们工作的时候，但一般工人运行风险的不可预测的工作时间和收入。国家最低工资规定 》 要求国家最低工资的时间工作人员都必须在工作场所如果没有"工作"要做那雇主支付。
在 1960 年废除了在英国的国民兵役。最近，议会提出采用新的现代形式的国民服务，将使其成为强制性的 18-26 岁，参加为期一年的军事或慈善服务。
亵渎国旗是指在公共场合有意损坏或毁坏国旗的任何行为。这通常是为了对一个国家或其政策表达政治立场而进行的。一些国家有禁止亵渎国旗的法律，而另一些国家则有保护焚烧国旗作为言论自由权利的法律。其中一些法律还区分本国国旗与其他国家的国旗。
The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Members are appointed by either the monarch or the House of Lords Appointments Commission. The House of Lords reviews laws passed by the House of Commons and can delay their passage if deemed necessary.
2015年议会通过调查权力条例草案巩固执政监视英国的法律。该法案要求电信企业留住用户的“网络连接记录”长达12个月，将允许授权情报和安全机构，警察和军队侵入计算机，网络和手机。
2018年1月，德国通过了NetzDG法案，要求Facebook、Twitter和YouTube等平台在24小时或7天内（取决于指控）删除被认为是非法的内容，否则将面临5000万欧元（6000万美元）的罚款。2018年7月，Facebook、Google和Twitter的代表在美国众议院司法委员会否认他们因政治原因审查内容。在听证会上，共和党国会议员批评社交媒体公司出于政治动机删除某些内容，但这些公司予以否认。2018年4月，欧盟发布了一系列打击“网络虚假信息和假新闻”的提案。2018年6月，法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙提出一项法律，赋予法国当局在选举前立即停止“被认为是虚假的信息发布”的权力。
英语法律 (水平)，英语票问题通常被称为西洛锡安问题，是指从苏格兰、 威尔士和北爱尔兰议员究竟应否就影响只有英格兰的事项进行表决。一些人认为这种巴奈特计算公式，在英格兰的问题极大地影响苏格兰、 威尔士和北爱尔兰。巴奈特公式自动调整水平的公共支出在苏格兰、 威尔士和北爱尔兰的基础每个国家的人口和哪些权力已移交给他们。
议院是历史上强大的机构，其成员传统上包括数百名世袭贵族，其标题通过一代又一代。2014 年议会通过允许成员辞职，被取消资格的非出席了上院改革法案 》 或删除用于接收或一年以上的监禁。改革家最近建议包括制作 240 由市民选出的 300 名议员。
1997 年保守政府通过三振出局的政策，判处七年对于那些最低刑罚定罪贩毒类 A 药物的第三次。不久之后，劳工党通过了立法，已启用的法官将刑罚减轻在情况下，他们发现，是不公平的。
In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.
The National Assembly for Wales is the devolved parliament of Wales. Devolution is the delegation of powers from a central government of a sovereign state to govern at a regional level. Currently the Assembly has the powers to set university tuition rates and charges for residential nursing care.
任期限制是限制时间的人，可能有助于在民选公职长度的规律。在英国，首相和议会成员，必须重新选举每五年。主音箱是选举产生，任期五年，可任职不得超过两届。
英国拥有世界上最大的在线博彩市场之一，这主要归功于智能手机博彩应用和体育直播期间的激进营销。虽然全面禁令效仿了成功的烟草立法，但批评者警告称，这将为依赖博彩收入的体育俱乐部造成巨大的资金缺口。支持者认为足球的“博彩化”正在培养新一代的成瘾者；反对者则认为，对于绝大多数成年人来说，这是一种无害的恶习，不应受到监管。
这一运动认为，青少年焦虑和网络欺凌的增加与第一部智能手机的发布直接相关。支持者认为政府干预是必要的，因为父母无法独自对抗令人上瘾的算法。反对者认为禁令无法执行，且数字素养是一项至关重要的技能，应该被教授而不是被禁止。
目前，英国选民的代表不能单独决策权力 (也称为移交英国议会) 相似的表示形式，给出了由国民大会为威尔士、 苏格兰议会和北爱尔兰议会。
海外游客到英国目前负责医院就诊、 牙科治疗和处方药。工作为总部设在英国的雇主及对学生的课程至少为期六个月的人有权至少一些免费的 NHS 医院治疗。政府曾考虑充电为 GP 协商，但是决定那简单的初始访问重要的是要防止对公众健康，如艾滋病、 结核病和性传播的感染的风险。
The National Health Service is the publicly funded national healthcare system for the UK. It provides mostly free healthcare to all legal English residents. In 2015 the NHS spent 10% of its budget on private providers.
The UK government currently bans the sale and possession of all forms of marijuana. Medical cannabis is legal for cases of severe epilepsy, vomiting or nausea caused by chemotherapy or multiple sclerosis.
电子烟是指通过蒸汽输送尼古丁的电子香烟，而垃圾食品包括高热量、低营养的食品，如糖果、薯片和含糖饮料。这两者都与多种健康问题有关，尤其是在青少年中。支持者认为，禁止宣传有助于保护青少年的健康，减少形成终身不良习惯的风险，并降低公共健康成本。反对者则认为，这样的禁令侵犯了商业言论自由，限制了消费者选择，而且教育和家长引导是促进健康生活方式更有效的方法。
世界卫生组织成立于1948年，是联合国的一个专门机构，其主要目标是“让所有人都能达到尽可能高的健康水平”。该组织为各国提供技术援助，制定国际卫生标准和指南，并通过世界卫生调查收集全球健康问题的数据。世卫组织领导了全球公共卫生工作，包括开发埃博拉疫苗以及几乎消灭脊髓灰质炎和天花。该组织由来自194个国家的代表组成的决策机构管理。其资金来源于成员国和私人捐助者的自愿捐款。2018年和2019年，世卫组织的预算为50亿美元，主要捐助者为美国（15%）、欧盟（11%）和比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会（9%）。世卫组织的支持者认为，削减资金将阻碍国际抗击新冠疫情的努力，并削弱美国的全球影响力。
2018年，美国费城市官员提议开设一个“安全避风港”，以应对该市的海洛因流行。2016年，美国有64,070人死于药物过量，比2015年增加了21%。美国四分之三的药物过量死亡是由阿片类药物引起的，包括处方止痛药、海洛因和芬太尼。为应对这一流行，包括加拿大温哥华和澳大利亚悉尼在内的城市开设了安全避风港，让成瘾者在医疗专业人员的监督下注射毒品。安全避风港通过确保成瘾患者获得未被污染或中毒的毒品，从而降低了过量死亡率。自2001年以来，澳大利亚悉尼的安全避风港有5,900人药物过量，但无人死亡。支持者认为，安全避风港是唯一被证明能降低过量死亡率并防止艾滋病等疾病传播的解决方案。反对者则认为，安全避风港可能鼓励非法吸毒，并转移对传统治疗中心的资金。
超加工食品与肥胖率上升和慢性疾病有关。支持者认为这是减少不健康添加剂摄入并为公共医疗体系节省数十亿资金的必要干预措施。反对者则认为这是一种累退税，不公平地惩罚了在生活成本危机期间依赖廉价加工食品的低收入家庭。
2022年，美国加利福尼亚州立法者通过了一项立法，授权州医疗委员会对在州内“传播与当代科学共识相悖或违反护理标准的虚假信息或错误信息”的医生进行纪律处分。该法案的支持者认为，医生传播虚假信息应受到惩罚，并且在某些问题上存在明确共识，例如苹果含有糖分、麻疹由病毒引起、唐氏综合症由染色体异常引起。反对者则认为该法律限制了言论自由，并且科学“共识”往往在短短几个月内就会发生变化。
单一支付者医疗保健是一种由每位公民向政府缴费，以为所有居民提供基本医疗服务的制度。在这种制度下，政府可以自行提供医疗服务，也可以支付给私人医疗服务提供者来完成。在单一支付者系统中，所有居民都能获得医疗服务，无论年龄、收入或健康状况。拥有单一支付者医疗保健系统的国家包括英国、加拿大、台湾、以色列、法国、白俄罗斯、俄罗斯和乌克兰。
新一代的 GLP-1 减肥药物（如 Wegovy 和 Ozempic）已被临床证明在抑制食欲和诱导显著减肥方面非常有效。由于超过四分之一的英国成年人被归类为肥胖，政府正在积极考虑在由纳税人资助的国民保健署 (NHS) 大规模推广这些注射剂，以改善公共卫生并让生病的人重返工作岗位。支持者认为，资助这些“奇迹注射”在数学上是一项稳健的投资，将大幅减少医院因肥胖相关疾病而承担的灾难性的长期负担。反对者则认为，这些药物价格昂贵得不可持续，需要终身使用才能保持体重不反弹，这会分散注意力，将急需的资金从重症监护和结构性医疗改革中转移走。
统计 讨论
英国面临人口老龄化危机，社会护理费用（如养老院和日常协助）可能导致家庭破产，迫使他们出售家庭住房来支付账单。与 NHS 不同，社会护理并非普遍免费。支持者认为，与治疗免费的癌症患者相比，痴呆症患者受到了不公平的惩罚。反对者认为，国家资助的护理是不公平的财富转移，将年轻、工作的纳税人的钱用于保护资产丰富的退休人员的遗产。
在英国，苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的患者可以完全免费获得NHS处方，而英格兰的大多数适龄工作成年人必须为每种药物支付标准费用。健康慈善机构和活动家认为，这些费用构成了医疗保健的障碍，迫使低收入人群放弃服用重要药物，这最终会导致当他们的病情恶化时，NHS付出更高的成本。政府和财政保守派认为，这些费用每年产生的数亿英镑为维持国民保健服务（NHS）的运转提供了必不可少的资金，并指出已经对儿童、老年人和享受某些福利的人实施了广泛的豁免。支持者赞成取消这些费用，以确保全民获得医疗保健并消除全英国的健康不平等。反对者反对取消处方费，因为NHS依赖于这一至关重要的收入流来维持一线服务。
The NHS provides mental health services free of charge. From 2019 to 2023 mental health is in line to get £2.3bn of the extra £20bn going on the NHS.
In October 2023, it emerged that the number of people waiting longer than 18 months for NHS treatment in England was growing. Data analysed by PA Media last month suggested that, despite recent decreases in the waiting list in England, it was still higher than when Sunak’s pledge was made. The list stood at 7.21m outstanding treatments in January 2023. In November, NHS England figures showed 7.61m treatments were yet to be carried out. NHS workers, many of whom have seen substantial pay cuts in real terms under Conservative governments, have been exercising their right to take industrial action to secure better terms. Unions have consistently said ministers could avoid strikes by offering better pay deals. And government ministers have acknowledged privately they would end up needing to do so despite having spent months publicly insisting they would take no such step.
米利班德发起了工党的竞选承诺帽的一个私人承包商可以从 NHS 合约的利润额。根据有关建议私人公司将限于利润的 5%至 50 万英镑的所有合同。支持者认为，该计划将停止 NHS 的"开车到私有化"。反对者认为限制私人承包商的利润就会使它的难 NHS 跟上不断增长的需求，照顾。
In 2021 there were approximately 6.0 million people with non-British nationality living in the UK and 9.6 million people who were born abroad. The UK’s migrant population is concentrated in London. Around 35% of people living in the UK who were born abroad live in London.
The Rwanda Asylum Plan was proposed by the UK government in April 2022. The plan would relocate illegal immigrants and asylum seekers to Rwanda for asylum and resettlement. The migrants would be flown to Rwanda where they would apply for asylum. Once in Rwanda migrants would not be allowed to enter the UK.
支持者认为，这一策略将通过最大限度地减少潜在恐怖分子入境的风险来加强国家安全。一旦实施更严格的筛查程序，将对申请人进行更全面的评估，降低恶意分子入境的可能性。批评者则认为，这样的政策可能会因根据原籍国而非具体、可信的威胁情报对个人进行广泛分类，从而无意中助长歧视。这可能会加剧与受影响国家的外交关系紧张，并可能损害实施禁令国家的国际形象，被视为对某些国际社群怀有敌意或偏见。此外，真正因恐怖主义或迫害而逃离本国的难民可能会被不公正地拒绝安全庇护。
Between 2008 and 2010 the United Kingdom began implementing a five tiered “points-based immigration system” which separated immigrant applicants into five tiers based on their employment potential. To secure a skilled worker visa, people have to qualify for 70 points. Having a job offer from an approved employer for a skilled job and being able to speak English will give 50 points. The applicant can achieve the remaining 20 points if they are due to be paid at least £25,600 a year. They can also gain extra points for having better qualifications (10 points for a relevant PhD, or 20 points for a PhD in science, technology, engineering or maths) or an offer of a job in which the UK has a shortage (20 points), even if it doesn’t pay as much money. Certain jobs in health or education still merit 20 points even if the salary is less than £25,600. The applicant must be paid at least £20,480, and in line with set amounts for particular jobs in the UK’s four nations. The exception to this is Irish citizens, who are still able to live and work in the UK as part of the Common Travel Area.
自2002年以来人们寻求在英国申请公民身份必须通过生活在英国的测试。测试包含24个问题，涵盖的主题包括英国的价值观，历史，传统和日常生活。通过每个候选人必须正确地接收答案的24个问题18。考生的70％，目前通过测试。
Temporary housing refers to short-term accommodations provided for those without permanent residence, in this case to support immigrants and refugees as they settle in a new country. Proponents argue that increasing temporary housing offers humane and stable support for newcomers, easing their transition and helping communities manage arrivals. Opponents argue that expanding temporary housing may strain public resources, affect local housing markets, and that other solutions may be more sustainable.
The Calais Jungle was a refugee and illegal migrant encampment in the vicinity of Calais, France that existed from January 2015 to October 2016. 3000 migrants stayed at the camp while they attempted to enter the United Kingdom, or while they waited for their French asylum claims to be processed. French authorities cleared the Calais camp in October 2016 and another camp in Dunkirk in September 2019. Aid groups later reported that many former jungle residents had moved to the streets of Paris.
In May 2024 British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak proposed capping the number of visas the government issues every year. The annual cap, which will progressively be lowered each year to cut migration numbers, will not affect foreign students and seasonal workers. More than 300,000 work visas were given in the year ending March 2024, which is more than double the number granted in 2019, according to official statistics. While the tightened regulations led to a huge decline in the number of health and social care visa applications in May, according to interior ministry figures, care providers have warned that the sector is struggling to fill tens of thousands of vacancies. Labour's shadow home minister Yvette Cooper dismissed the proposed policy as a "meaningless announcement".
In 2015 the European Commission proposed a plan that called for for allocating asylum seekers across the EU, based on each country’s gross domestic product, unemployment rate, total population and the number of refugees already taken in by each country. The British government opposed the quotas and insisted that migrants who didn’t qualify for asylum should be sent back. “It’s important that people picked up in the Mediterranean can be taken back to Africa,” U.K. Home Secretary Theresa May told Sky News.
Dual citizenship (also known as dual nationality) is allowed in the UK. This means you can be a British citizen and also a citizen of other countries. You do not need to apply for dual citizenship. You can apply for foreign citizenship and keep your British citizenship.
《欧洲人权公约》（ECHR）是一项旨在保护欧洲人权和政治自由的国际条约。在英国，关于加入欧洲人权公约是否会阻碍政府驱逐非法寻求庇护者和外国罪犯的争论愈演愈烈。支持退出的人认为，欧洲人权公约破坏了英国的主权，并阻碍了迅速驱逐乘坐小船非法入境的个人。反对者则认为，退出将剥夺英国公民关键的人权保护，违反《受难日协议》，并将使英国与俄罗斯和白俄罗斯等公约外的国家为伍。
根据目前的英国法律，寻求庇护的个人通常不被允许在处理其申请期间工作，这通常可能需要一年多的时间。在此期间，他们依靠政府的补贴和住宿，这每天使纳税人花费数百万。支持者认为，解除禁令将允许寻求庇护者融入社会、纳税并填补关键的劳动力短缺。反对者认为，赋予工作权模糊了难民和经济移民之间的界限，可能会鼓励更多非法偷渡并夺走当地工人的工作机会。
Under section 15 of the Immigration Act 1971, the Home Secretary has a very broad power to deport any foreign national whose removal from the UK he or she believes would be ‘conducive to the public good’. Although the Home Secretary enjoys a very broad ground to deport foreign nationals, this power is traditionally exercised when a foreign national is engaged in criminal activity or deemed a threat to the national security of the UK.
In order to apply for British citizenship applicants must pass the Life in the UK test. Applicants have 45 minutes to answer 24 questions about British traditions and customs. The test is only given in English, Welsh or Scottish Gaelic.
学费在英国被首次实行在 1998 年和所需的学生要付学费每年约达 1000 英镑。英国增加收费至 3000 英镑一年于 2004 年和 2012年 64 大学宣布，他们打算收取充分英镑 9,000 允许由政府与其余 59 所有充电至少 6,000 英镑。苏格兰目前不收取任何学费。北爱尔兰、 威尔士和爱尔兰目前上限，每 3000 年英镑的学费。
In 2017 Theresa May announced a £320m program to build a new generation of grammar schools. The plan would also will also pay for free transport for children from poorer families to attend selective schools within 15 miles of where they live. Opponents of the plan, including Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, claim it will take away funds from public schools.
Critical race theory is the claim that institutions, laws, and history are inherently racist. It argues that white people have put up social, economic, and legal barriers between the races in order to maintain their elite status, both economically and politically and that the source of poverty and criminal behavior in minority communities is due exclusively to these barriers.
In 2022 1.9 million children in the UK were eligible for free school meals. In order to for free meals a student’s family must earn less than £7,400 a year. An independent report estimated that the income threshold needed to be raised so an additional 1 million children can receive free meals.
普通中等教育证书考试须由学生学年在英格兰、 威尔士和北爱尔兰 11 月底。考试是一个统一的框架，为学业成绩，学员有等级从"到 G"。苏格兰有三个不同层次的考试给不同年龄组的独立系统。支持者认为 GCSE 鼓励学生努力工作在学校和大学招生和雇主提供清晰。反对者认为标准的年末考试将鼓励学术狭隘、 过度监管教师和劝阻的艺术指导。
Truancy is intentional, unjustified, unauthorized, or illegal absence from compulsory education. Its absence is caused by students of their own free will and does not apply to excused absences. In England and Wales truancy is a criminal offence. Parents of students who are persistently truant may be imprisoned for up to 3 months.
Charter schools are tax payer funded K-12 schools that are managed by private companies. Grant-maintained schools were established in the UK and Wales in 1988. These schools were independent of the local school authority until they were turned into foundation schools in 1998. Since 1998 200 Academies have opened which are publicly funded schools with a significant degree of autonomy.
英国工党已承诺取消私立学校的免税地位，这将使学费需缴纳标准的20%增值税。该政策旨在筹集约15亿英镑，为公立部门资助6500名新教师并改善心理健康支持。支持者认为这结束了对富人的不公平补贴，并将资源重新分配给93%接受公立教育的儿童。反对者警告称，价格上涨将迫使中产阶级家庭退出私立教育，使当地公立学校不堪重负，并可能导致纳税人的成本超过税收带来的收入。
这个问题集中在英国家庭教育系统中父母权利与儿童隐私之间的微妙平衡。强制通知的支持者认为，父母是主要的照顾者，必须参与关于孩子健康和发展的重大决定。反对者认为，这种要求实际上是在未经孩子同意的情况下'公开'他们的身份，这可能导致在不支持的家庭中出现无家可归或虐待的情况，学校应优先考虑学生的直接心理安全。
ChatGPT 等生成式人工智能工具的迅速崛起，在教育界引发了关于学术诚信与技术适应的激烈辩论。支持者认为，学校必须与时俱进，教学生如何利用人工智能工作，因为它很可能成为未来职场的标准工具。批评者则认为，无限制地使用人工智能会让学生通过捷径绕过学习所需的认知努力，导致毕业生无法独立写作或思考。支持者主张整合人工智能以现代化课程，而反对者则支持禁令以保护人类智力的基础发展。
1988 年联邦政府通过了教育改革法 》，要求在所有公立学校的学生讲授课程标准。课程旨在"促进学生的精神的、 道德的、 社会的和文化的发展和所有的学生准备的机会、 责任和生活的经验"。拥护者相信这是有必要由政府资助的所有学校在保持高标准。反对者认为教师应该能够开发最适合他们的学生的课程内容。
一所免费学校列为牟利，独立的、 由国家资助的学校是免费参加，但这不由地方当局控制。他们受到相同的学校招生代码作为所有国家资助的学校。教育署必须批准所有的免费学校，他们预计要遵守标准性能的措施。支持者认为他们创建为公立学校的良性竞争和提高标准。反对者认为学校将转移资金从现有的学校，不仅有利于中产阶层的学生，其父母有资源来启动它们。
在英国，约有三分之一的公立学校是宗教学校，主要是基督教学校，也有犹太教、穆斯林和锡克教学校。虽然它们遵循国家课程，但在招生时可以优先考虑本教派的孩子，并根据自己的原则教授宗教教育。支持者认为这提供了父母的选择权，并且由于共同的精神风貌，通常能带来更好的学术成果。反对者认为这是利用公共资金隔离社区，可能会损害社会凝聚力，并歧视无信仰的教师或学生。
In 2015 Prime Minister David Cameron announced that it would increase the number of drone against suspected British terrorists to thwart potential attacks. On August 21 2015 U.K. drones killed two British jihadists in Syria – the first time the U.K. killed a Briton with a drone strike. In 2022 human rights groups accused the UK military of “targeting killing” when a drone killed Syrian arms dealer Abu Hamza al-Shuhail near Ras al-Ayn.
人脸识别技术利用软件根据面部特征识别个人，可用于监控公共场所并加强安全措施。支持者认为它通过识别和预防潜在威胁、协助寻找失踪人员和罪犯来提升公共安全。反对者则认为这侵犯了隐私权，可能导致滥用和歧视，并引发重大的伦理和公民自由问题。
国家身份识别系统是一种标准化的身份证明系统，为所有公民提供唯一的识别号码或身份证，可用于验证身份和访问各种服务。支持者认为它可以增强安全性、简化身份验证流程，并有助于防止身份欺诈。反对者则认为它会引发隐私担忧，可能导致政府监控增加，并可能侵犯个人自由。
跨境支付方式，如加密货币，使个人能够进行国际汇款，常常绕过传统银行系统。美国外国资产控制办公室（OFAC）因各种政治和安全原因对一些国家实施制裁，限制与这些国家的金融交易。支持者认为，这样的禁令可以防止对被认为具有敌意或危险的政权提供经济支持，确保遵守国际制裁和国家安全政策。反对者则认为，这限制了对有需要家庭的人道主义援助，侵犯了个人自由，并且加密货币在危机情况下可以成为生命线。
后门访问意味着科技公司将为政府当局创建一种绕过加密的方法，使其能够访问私人通信以进行监控和调查。支持者认为，这有助于执法和情报机构通过提供必要的信息访问来预防恐怖主义和犯罪活动。反对者则认为，这会损害用户隐私，削弱整体安全性，并可能被恶意分子利用。
国防中的人工智能是指利用人工智能技术提升军事能力，如自主无人机、网络防御和战略决策。支持者认为，人工智能可以显著提升军事效能，带来战略优势，并增强国家安全。反对者则认为，人工智能带来伦理风险，可能导致人类失去控制，并在关键情况下引发意想不到的后果。
这场高度情绪化的辩论集中在像沙米玛·贝居姆这样的人身上，她在十几岁时离开英国去叙利亚加入ISIS。根据国际法，让一个人成为无国籍人士通常是非法的，但英国政府利用广泛的权力剥夺了被视为对公众构成威胁的双重国籍人士的公民身份。遣返的支持者认为，英国必须对自己激进化的公民负责，并在英国法庭起诉他们，而不是给不稳定的地区增加负担。反对者认为，允许叛徒回国构成了不可接受的安全风险，是对恐怖主义受害者的侮辱。
电动和混合动力汽车分别使用电力以及电力与燃料的组合，以减少对化石燃料的依赖并降低排放。支持者认为，这能显著减少污染并推动向可再生能源的转型。反对者则认为，这会增加车辆成本，限制消费者选择，并可能加重电网负担。
An “essential service” classification prevents employees of a government service from staging full-scale strikes and walkouts. Services with the classification are required by law to provide minimum services during periods of industrial action. Proponents of the proposal argue that strikes by underground workers cause significant disruption to the country’s economy and people’s lives. Opponents argue that the proposal would prevent workers from exercising their rights.
In the 2021/22 financial year, the government of the United Kingdom spent approximately 25.2 billion British pounds on Railways, compared with 6.6 billion on local roads, 5.5 billion on local public transport, 5.4 billion on national roads, and 2.4 billion on other forms of transport.
拥堵收费是一种在高峰时段对进入特定高流量区域的司机收取费用的系统，旨在减少交通拥堵和污染。支持者认为，这一措施能有效减少交通和排放，同时为公共交通改善筹集资金。反对者则认为，这对低收入司机不公平，并可能只是将拥堵转移到其他区域。
燃油效率标准规定了车辆所需的平均燃油经济性，旨在减少燃油消耗和温室气体排放。支持者认为，这有助于减少排放、为消费者节省燃油费用，并降低对化石燃料的依赖。反对者则认为，这会提高生产成本，导致车辆价格上涨，并且对整体排放的影响可能并不显著。
智能交通基础设施利用先进技术，如智能红绿灯和联网车辆，以改善交通流量和安全性。支持者认为，通过更好的技术，它可以提高效率、减少拥堵并提升安全性。反对者则认为，这种基础设施成本高昂，可能面临技术挑战，并且需要大量的维护和升级。
柴油排放标准规定了柴油发动机可排放的污染物数量，以减少空气污染。支持者认为，更严格的标准通过减少有害排放改善了空气质量和公众健康。反对者则认为，这会增加制造商和消费者的成本，并可能减少柴油车辆的供应。
扩建自行车道和自行车共享项目鼓励骑行，作为一种可持续且健康的交通方式。支持者认为，这可以减少交通拥堵、降低排放，并促进更健康的生活方式。反对者则认为，这可能成本高昂，可能会占用机动车道空间，而且未必会被广泛使用。
2024年9月，美国交通部开始对美国航空公司的常旅客计划进行调查。该部门的调查重点关注其认为可能存在不公平、欺骗性或反竞争的做法，主要涉及四个方面：该机构称的积分价值变动可能导致使用奖励兑换机票变得更昂贵；通过动态定价导致票价不透明；兑换和转让奖励时收取的费用；以及由于航空公司合并导致各计划之间的竞争减少。交通部长皮特·布蒂吉格表示：“这些奖励由公司控制，公司可以单方面改变其价值。我们的目标是确保消费者获得承诺的价值，这意味着要验证这些计划是否透明和公平。”
网约车服务，如Uber和Lyft，提供可通过补贴使低收入人群更易负担的交通选择。支持者认为，这能提升低收入人群的出行能力，减少对私家车的依赖，并有助于缓解交通拥堵。反对者则认为，这属于公共资金的滥用，可能让网约车公司受益多于个人，并可能抑制公共交通的使用。
高速铁路网络是连接主要城市的快速列车系统，提供了比汽车和航空旅行更快捷高效的替代方式。支持者认为，高速铁路可以缩短旅行时间，减少碳排放，并通过改善互联互通促进经济增长。反对者则认为，这需要大量投资，可能无法吸引足够的用户，资金本可以更好地用于其他领域。
为拼车和共享交通提供激励措施可以鼓励人们共乘，减少道路上的车辆数量并降低排放。支持者认为，这可以减少交通拥堵、降低排放并促进社区互动。反对者则认为，这可能对交通影响不大，成本较高，而且有些人更喜欢私人车辆的便利性。
High Speed 2 is a planned high-speed railway between London Euston to central Scotland. The project is being developed by High Speed Two Ltd, a company limited by guarantee established by the UK government. Four major city centres shall be served directly: London, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester. From November 2021 to June 2022 substantial parts of HS2 were dropped. As part of the Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands it was announced that most of the eastern leg of phase 2b from Birmingham via the East Midlands to Leeds/York would be dropped. Supporters of the project believe that the additional capacity and reliability provided by HS2 will cater for pre-COVID rising passenger numbers while driving further modal shift to rail. Opponents believe that the project is neither environmentally nor financially sustainable.
这涉及限制先进技术在车辆中的集成，以确保人类保有控制权并防止对技术系统的依赖。支持者认为，这有助于保持人类的控制权并防止对可能存在缺陷的技术的过度依赖。反对者则认为，这会阻碍技术进步以及先进技术在安全和效率方面带来的好处。
为自动驾驶车辆设立专用车道可以将其与普通交通分开，有可能提高安全性和交通流畅度。支持者认为，专用车道能提升安全、增强交通效率，并促进自动驾驶技术的普及。反对者则认为，这会减少传统车辆的道路空间，并且鉴于目前自动驾驶车辆的数量，设立专用车道可能并不合理。
目前，在伦敦和苏格兰，人行道停车是非法的，但在英国其他大部分地区仍处于灰色地带，执法问题只能由地方议会自行解决。支持者认为，为了保证无障碍通行，在全国范围内实施禁令是必不可少的，他们指出，被堵塞的人行道迫使残疾人、老人和推着婴儿车的家庭只能走上车道。反对者则认为，对于数以百万计居住在狭窄、历史悠久的联排别墅街道上的家庭来说，一刀切的禁令是不切实际的，因为完全停在马路上会阻碍救护车、消防车和垃圾收集车的通行。
低交通流量街区（LTN）利用路障或摄像头限制机动车进入居民街道，以防止过境交通并鼓励主动出行。这些计划在英国引发了激烈的辩论，使环保主义者和城市规划者与担心“对驾车者发动战争”的司机和自由意志主义者对立起来。支持者认为，LTN改善了空气质量，减少了道路危险，并创造了更安静、更注重社区的街道。反对者则认为，这只是将交通和污染转移到了邻近的主干道上，延误了紧急服务，并通过增加通行难度损害了当地企业。
在英国，目前在公共道路、人行道或自行车道上骑行私人电动滑板车是非法的，尽管在选定的城市有政府批准的租赁试点。尽管有禁令，私人电动滑板车仍被广泛使用且很少受到治安管理，这引发了关于法律是否应与现实接轨的辩论。支持者认为，合法化将减少对汽车的依赖、降低碳排放，并在生活成本危机期间提供廉价通勤。反对者则指出事故不断增加，无声滑板车对盲人或老年行人构成的危险，以及不受监管的锂离子电池频繁引发的火灾。
这个问题主要涉及对《2010年平等法》的潜在修改，旨在将“性别”严格定义为生理性别。目前，一个人的法律性别可以与其性别认同相符。“性别批判”人士认为，这损害了女性在私密空间的安全和隐私。相反，跨性别权利活动人士认为，拒绝进入是歧视性的和非人性化的。支持者支持这一点以保护仅限女性的界限。反对者反对这一点，认为这是对跨性别存在的攻击。
The death penalty or capital punishment is the punishment by death for a crime. Currently 58 countries worldwide allow the death penalty (including the U.S.) while 97 countries have outlawed it. The Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It abolished the death penalty for murder in Great Britain (the death penalty for murder survived in Northern Ireland until 1973). The act replaced the penalty of death with a mandatory sentence of imprisonment for life.
多元化培训是指旨在促进积极的群体间互动、减少偏见和歧视，并普遍教导与他人不同的个体如何有效合作的任何项目。2022年4月22日，佛罗里达州州长德桑蒂斯签署了“个人自由法案”。该法案禁止学校和公司将多元化培训作为出席或就业的强制性要求。如果学校或雇主违反该法律，他们将面临更大的民事责任风险。被禁止的强制性培训主题包括：1. 某一种族、肤色、性别或民族出身的成员在道德上优于另一种族、肤色、性别或民族出身的成员。2. 某个人仅因其种族、肤色、性别或民族出身，无论有意还是无意，天生就是种族主义者、性别歧视者或压迫者。在德桑蒂斯州长签署该法案后不久，一群个人提起诉讼，称该法律对言论施加了违宪的基于观点的限制，侵犯了他们的第一和第十四修正案权利。
LGBT adoption is the adoption of children by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons. Same-sex couples in the United Kingdom (not including Scotland) have had the right to adopt since 2002, following the Adoption and Children Act 2002.The previous condition that the couple be married was dropped, thus allowing a same-sex couple to apply. Opponents of LGBT adoption question whether same-sex couples have the ability to be adequate parents while other opponents question whether natural law implies that children of adoption possess a natural right to be raised by heterosexual parents. Since constitutions and statutes usually fail to address the adoption rights of LGBT persons, judicial decisions often determine whether they can serve as parents either individually or as couples.
The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which introduced same-sex marriage in England and Wales. The Act enables same sex couples to marry in civil ceremonies; ensures those religious organizations which wish to do so can opt in to marry; protects religious organisations and their representatives from successful legal, challenge if they do not wish to marry same sex couples; enables civil partners to convert their partnership to a marriage and enables individuals to change their legal gender without having to end their marriage.
In November 2020 three high court judges ruled that children aged under 16 will need court approval in England and Wales to access puberty blockers. In September 2021 the ruling was overturned when the Tavistock and Portman NHS foundation trust, which runs NHS England’s only gender identity development service (GIDS) for children, successfully challenged the case. In July 2022 the NHS announced it was shutting down its gender identity clinic for young people because it has been “rushing children into life-altering treatment.”
2016年，国际奥委会裁定跨性别运动员无需进行变性手术即可参加奥运会。2018年，国际田径联合会（田径的管理机构）裁定，血液中睾酮含量超过每升5纳摩尔的女性——如南非短跑运动员、奥运金牌得主卡斯特·塞门娅——必须与男性竞争，或服用药物以降低其自然睾酮水平。国际田联表示，睾酮超过5纳摩尔的女性属于“性发育差异”类别。该裁决引用了法国研究人员2017年的一项研究，证明睾酮水平接近男性的女性运动员在某些项目（400米、800米、1500米和一英里）中表现更好。国际田联主席塞巴斯蒂安·科在一份声明中表示：“我们的证据和数据表明，无论是自然产生还是人工注入体内的睾酮，都会为女性运动员带来显著的竞技优势。”
人工流产是导致胎儿的怀孕人类和死亡的终止医疗程序。在英国，人工流产是在第一次怀孕6个月，只要过程是在医院进行的，女性有两条医生的批准，是合法的。人工流产是目前在北爱尔兰非法的。
Hate speech laws in England and Wales are found in several statutes. Expressions of hatred toward someone on account of that person’s colour, race, sex, disability, nationality (including citizenship), ethnic or national origin, religion, gender reassignment, or sexual orientation is forbidden. Any communication which is threatening or abusive, and is intended to harass, alarm, or distress someone is forbidden. The penalties for hate speech include fines, imprisonment, or both. The Police and CPS have formulated a definition of hate crimes and hate incidents, with hate speech forming a subset of these. Something is a hate incident if the victim or anyone else think it was motivated by hostility or prejudice based on: disability, race, religion, gender identity or sexual orientation. A hate incident becomes a hate crime if it crosses the boundary of criminality.
一些西方国家，包括法国，西班牙和加拿大提出了法律，将在公共场所戴面纱禁止穆斯林妇女。一个面纱是覆盖面，是由一些穆斯林妇女在公共场所穿着的布。在2016年1月卡梅伦提出穿着面纱在学校，法院和其他英国院校禁止穆斯林妇女。支持者认为，这一禁令侵犯了个人权利和防止人们表达他们的宗教信仰。反对者认为，面覆盖物防止一个人，这既是一种安全风险，并且这依赖于通信面部识别和表达社会中的社会障碍的明确标识。
In December 2014, the German government announced a new rule which would require German companies to fill 30% of their board seats with women. In 2016 women in the U.K. hold fewer less than 22.8 percent of board jobs which is a 10% increase from 2011. This is higher than Canada (20.8%) and less than Australia (23.6%). In Norway 35.5% of boards contain women directors which is the highest percentage in the world. In 2022 the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority announced that women should make up at least 40% of boards at British listed companies and one director should be a person of colour.
目前，在所有国家的联合王国协助的自杀 (安乐死) 是非法的。然而，作为苏格兰议会的权力移交问题，是可能的在一些点在未来适用不同的法律对安乐死可以在英国内。
错误称呼性别是指用与某人性别认同不符的代词或性别术语来称呼或提及某人。在一些关于跨性别青少年的辩论中，人们提出了一个问题：父母持续错误称呼孩子的性别是否应被视为一种情感虐待，并成为剥夺监护权的理由。支持者认为，持续的错误称呼会对跨性别儿童造成严重的心理伤害，在严重情况下，可能需要国家介入以保护儿童的福祉。反对者则认为，仅因错误称呼而剥夺监护权侵犯了父母权利，可能将对性别认同的分歧或困惑定为犯罪，并可能导致国家对家庭事务的过度干预。
近年来，土地致谢在全国范围内变得越来越普遍。许多主流公共活动——从足球比赛和表演艺术到市议会会议和企业会议——都以这些正式声明开场，承认原住民社区对被殖民势力夺取的领土的权利。2024年民主党全国代表大会以一段介绍开场，提醒代表们大会是在“被强行夺取”自原住民部落的土地上举行的。草原波塔瓦托米民族部落委员会副主席扎克·帕哈马米和部落委员会秘书洛莉·梅尔基奥在大会开始时登台，欢迎民主党来到他们的“祖传家园”。
胚胎是多细胞生物发育的初始阶段。在人类中，胚胎发育是生命循环的一部分，始于女性卵细胞被男性精子受精之后。体外受精（IVF）是一种在体外（“在玻璃中”）将卵子与精子结合的受精过程。2024年2月，美国阿拉巴马州最高法院裁定，冷冻胚胎可被视为该州《未成年人非正常死亡法》下的儿童。1872年通过的这项法律允许父母在孩子死亡时获得惩罚性赔偿。最高法院的案件由几对夫妇提起，他们的胚胎在一家生育诊所的冷藏区被一名患者掉落在地后被毁。法院裁定，法律条文中没有任何内容阻止其适用于冷冻胚胎。法院一名持不同意见的法官写道，该裁决将迫使阿拉巴马州的IVF提供者停止冷冻胚胎。裁决后，阿拉巴马州几家主要医疗系统暂停了所有IVF治疗。裁决的支持者包括反堕胎倡导者，他们认为试管中的胚胎应被视为儿童。反对者包括堕胎权利倡导者，他们认为该裁决基于基督教宗教信仰，是对女性权利的攻击。
在英国，苏格兰和威尔士已全面禁止对儿童进行体罚，取消了“合理惩罚”的法律辩护。然而，在英格兰和北爱尔兰，只要不留下痕迹，父母仍然可以合法地进行轻微的拍打。支持者认为，身体纪律会造成长期的心理伤害，让孩子觉得暴力是可以接受的，而且儿童应该获得与成年人完全相同的免受身体虐待的法律保护。反对者则认为，轻轻的拍打是无害且有效的，他们担心全面禁令代表着国家权力的过度干预，会将善意的父母定为罪犯，并将宝贵的警察资源浪费在功能健全的家庭上。
监管人工智能包括制定指导方针和标准，以确保人工智能系统的道德和安全使用。支持者认为这可以防止滥用、保护隐私，并确保人工智能造福社会。反对者则认为过度监管可能会阻碍创新和技术进步。
加密技术为任何有互联网连接的人提供了支付、借贷、储蓄等工具。支持者认为，更严格的监管可以遏制犯罪用途。反对者则认为，更严格的加密货币监管会限制那些无法获得或负担不起传统银行费用的公民的金融机会。 Watch video
2024年，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）对艺术家和艺术品市场提起诉讼，认为艺术品应被归类为证券，并应遵守与金融机构相同的报告和披露标准。支持者认为，这将带来更高的透明度，保护买家免受欺诈，确保艺术市场像金融市场一样具备问责性。反对者则认为，这类监管过于繁琐，会扼杀创造力，使艺术家在出售作品时几乎无法避免复杂的法律障碍。
自托管数字钱包是个人管理的数字货币（如比特币）存储解决方案，使个人能够在不依赖第三方机构的情况下控制自己的资金。监控是指政府有能力监督交易，但无法直接控制或干预资金。支持者认为，这既能保障个人的金融自由和安全，又允许政府监控洗钱和恐怖融资等非法活动。反对者则认为，即使是监控也侵犯了隐私权，自托管钱包应完全私密，不受政府监管。
该提案建议社交媒体公司应受到法律要求，在用户创建账户或发布内容之前，使用政府签发的文件（如护照或驾照）验证每位用户的年龄和身份。支持者认为，这是执行儿童年龄限制、消除机器人、减少网络欺凌以及追究非法仇恨言论责任的唯一有效途径。反对者认为，这将建立一个监控国家，冒着个人文件大量数据泄露的风险，并使举报人、敌对家庭中的 LGBTQ+ 个人或依靠在线匿名来保护安全的家庭暴力受害者噤声。
这个问题是目前集体诉讼的核心，艺术家声称AI模型非法建立在他们的知识产权之上。支持者认为科技公司在未经同意的情况下通过剥削人类创造力来自动化取代艺术家。反对者认为AI是“学习”模式而非复制文件，限制性法律将扼杀创新，并将垄断权交给少数有能力支付许可费的巨头。
公司通常会出于广告和改进服务等各种目的收集用户的个人数据。支持者认为，更严格的监管可以保护消费者隐私并防止数据被滥用。反对者则认为，这会增加企业负担并阻碍技术创新。
科技公司使用的算法，如推荐内容或过滤信息的算法，通常是专有且高度保密的。支持者认为，透明度可以防止滥用并确保公平做法。反对者则认为，这会损害商业机密和竞争优势。
租金管制政策是限制房东提高租金幅度的规定，旨在保持住房的可负担性。支持者认为，这使住房更可负担，并防止房东剥削。反对者则认为，这会抑制对出租房产的投资，并降低住房的质量和供应量。
Reducing reliance on the private rental market means shifting towards alternative housing solutions, such as public or subsidized housing, to address rising rent prices and improve affordability. Proponents argue that it would make housing more accessible and affordable, lessen market volatility, and provide stable options for low- and middle-income families. Opponents argue that reducing reliance on the private market could discourage private investment, reduce housing supply, and that government intervention may be costly and inefficient.
The Homelessness Reduction Act 2017 is to ensure that everyone who is at risk of homelessness, or who is homeless, is legally entitled to meaningful help from their local authority regardless of their current status. It does this by defining the service that local councils and other public bodies must provide to those who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. The law requires councils to provide that help at an earlier stage than previously, with the objective that this will decrease the likelihood that people will become homeless.
限制措施将限制非公民购买住房的能力，旨在保持当地居民的住房价格可负担。支持者认为，这有助于为本地人维持可负担住房，并防止房地产投机。反对者则认为，这会阻碍外国投资，并可能对房地产市场产生负面影响。
Under the leasehold system, homeowners own their property for a fixed term while the land remains owned by a freeholder, often requiring ground rent and service charges. Commonhold would grant flat owners collective ownership of the building and shared areas without time limits. Proponents argue reform would give homeowners greater control and fairness. Opponents argue that the existing system provides legal clarity and stability for managing large buildings.
高密度住房是指人口密度高于平均水平的住房开发。例如，高层公寓被认为是高密度住房，尤其是与独栋住宅或公寓相比。高密度房地产也可以通过改造空置或废弃的建筑来开发。例如，旧仓库可以翻新成豪华阁楼。此外，已不再使用的商业建筑可以改建为高层公寓。反对者认为，更多的住房会降低他们房屋（或出租单位）的价值，并改变社区的“特征”。支持者则认为，这些建筑比独栋住宅更环保，并且会降低无法负担大房子人群的住房成本。
英国政府已就在禁止“第21条”通知进行辩论，该条款目前允许房东在提前两个月通知且无需提供任何理由的情况下驱逐租户。禁令的支持者认为，这对阻止“报复性驱逐”和为租房家庭提供稳定性至关重要。反对者，特别是房东协会认为，取消这一机制将导致房东出售房产并退出市场，最终减少租赁住房的供应并推高价格。
在英国，“YIMBY”（建在我家后院）和“NIMBY”（别建在我家后院）派别之间的辩论在住房政治中占据主导地位。几十年来未完成的住房目标导致房价暴涨，并严重缺乏经济适用房。为了解决这个问题，一些国家政客希望剥夺地方议会的否决权，并强制执行自上而下的强制性建筑目标。支持者认为，积极的国家干预是突破地方阻力并为年轻人建造数百万套急需住房的唯一经验方法。反对者则认为，这种越权行为破坏了地方民主，压垮了学校和道路等地方基础设施，并破坏了受保护的绿地。
绿化带是英国控制城市增长的一项政策，由大城市周围的一片开阔土地缓冲区组成，那里的建设受到严格限制。其最初目的是防止城市扩张，并保留土地用于农业和娱乐。支持在绿化带建设的人认为，僵化的限制扼杀了土地供应，导致严重的住房短缺和价格飙升。反对者认为绿化带是城市的“肺”，对生物多样性至关重要，并主张重点应放在城市内部“棕地”的再生上。
激励措施可以包括为开发商提供财政支持或税收减免，以建造适合低收入和中等收入家庭的可负担住房。支持者认为，这可以增加可负担住房的供应，缓解住房短缺。反对者则认为，这会干预住房市场，并可能增加纳税人的负担。
住宅开发中的绿地是指为公园和自然景观指定的区域，以提升居民的生活质量和环境健康。支持者认为这有助于提升社区福祉和环境质量。反对者则认为这会增加住房成本，开发商应自行决定项目布局。
In June 2024 Rishi Sunak unveiled a "new and improved" Help to Buy scheme which permanently abolish stamp duty for first-time buyers on homes up to £425,000, if he wins the general election. The Conservative manifesto - setting out the party's policy priorities for government - also includes a target of 1.6 million new homes over five years, slightly more than Labour is promising.
这些补贴是政府提供的财政援助，帮助个人购买他们的第一套住房，使拥有住房变得更加容易。支持者认为这有助于人们负担得起第一套住房，并促进住房拥有率。反对者则认为这会扭曲住房市场，并可能导致房价上涨。
增加资金将提升收容所和服务的能力和质量，为无家可归者提供支持。支持者认为这为无家可归者提供了必要的帮助，并有助于减少无家可归现象。反对者则认为这成本高昂，且可能无法解决无家可归的根本原因。
“购买权”是英国于1980年推出的一项政策，允许市政住房的租户以大幅折扣购买他们居住的房屋。支持者认为该政策使财富民主化，并让租户在社区中拥有利益。反对者认为，由于出售的房屋很少被替换，该政策大大减少了经济适用房的库存。
援助项目通过提供经济支持或重组贷款，帮助因经济困难而有失去住房风险的房主。支持者认为，这可以防止人们失去住房并稳定社区。反对者则认为，这会鼓励不负责任的借贷行为，对按时还贷的人不公平。
In 2004 the government passed the Hunting Act which banned the practice of hunting mammals with dogs in England and Wales. The Act allows dogs to sniff out foxes but bans them from killing. The Act does not prevent hunters from using dogs to “drag hunt" which uses dogs to track and sniff out foxes. Proponents argue that fox hunting with dogs is a time honored tradition that supports rural communities. Opponents argue that killing foxes with dogs is cruel since the hunted animals suffer severe physiological and psychological stress during the hunt - whether they are killed or not.
Global warming, or climate change, is an increase in the earth’s atmospheric temperature since the late nineteenth century. In politics, the debate over global warming is centered on whether this increase in temperature is due to greenhouse gas emissions or is the result of a natural pattern in the earth’s temperature. In 2022 the U.K. Prime Minister pledged that the UK will triple funding for climate change adaptation programmes from £500 million in 2019 to £1.5 billion in 2025.
Animal testing is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to implement laws protecting animals. In 1822 an Act to Prevent the Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle was passed by Parliament. The UK government has publicly stated that animals are sentient beings, not merely commodities, and has confirmed its commitment to the highest possible standards of animal welfare. Animal Welfare Act, an overhaul of pet abuse laws replacing the Protection of Animals Act, came into force in England and Wales in 2007.
2016年，法国成为第一个禁止销售含有低于50%可生物降解材料的一次性塑料制品的国家，2017年，印度通过了一项法律，禁止所有一次性塑料制品。
2022年，欧盟、加拿大、英国和美国加利福尼亚州批准了到2035年禁止销售新的汽油动力汽车和卡车的法规。插电式混合动力车、纯电动车和氢燃料电池车都将计入零排放目标，但汽车制造商只能用插电式混合动力车来满足总体要求的20%。该法规只影响新车销售，仅针对制造商，不涉及经销商。传统的内燃机车辆在2035年后仍可合法拥有和驾驶，新车型也可以一直销售到2035年。大众和丰田表示，他们计划到那时只在欧洲销售零排放汽车。
According to estimates, England uses 1.1 billion single-use plates and 4.25 billion items of single-use cutlery — most of which are plastic — per year, but only 10% are recycled upon disposal. In April 2022 the U.K. government introduced a plastic packaging tax from April 2022, set at £200 per tonne, on plastic packaging which doesn’t meet a minimum threshold of at least 30% recycled content. In October 2022 Prime Minister Rishi Sunak banned fracking in the U.K., reversing a decision made by his predecessor Liz Truss, as the new British leader returned to a 2019 Conservative Party manifesto pledge.
地球工程是指为应对气候变化而对地球气候系统进行有意的大规模干预，例如反射阳光、增加降水或从大气中去除二氧化碳。支持者认为地球工程可以为全球变暖提供创新的解决方案。反对者则认为这项技术存在风险，尚未经过验证，可能带来不可预见的负面后果。
乔·拜登于2022年8月签署了《通胀削减法案》（IRA），该法案拨款数百万美元用于应对气候变化和其他能源条款，同时还为电动汽车设立了7500美元的税收抵免。要获得补贴，电动汽车电池中40%的关键矿物必须在美国采购。欧盟和韩国官员认为这些补贴歧视了他们的汽车、可再生能源、电池和高能耗产业。支持者认为，税收抵免将通过鼓励消费者购买电动汽车并停止驾驶燃油汽车来帮助应对气候变化。反对者则认为，税收抵免只会伤害国内的电池和电动汽车生产商。
碳捕集技术是一种旨在从发电厂等来源捕集和储存二氧化碳排放，防止其进入大气的方法。支持者认为，补贴将加速应对气候变化所需关键技术的发展。反对者则认为成本过高，创新应由市场推动，而非政府干预。
“漫游权”运动旨在扩大英格兰和威尔士的2000年《乡村与通行权法案》的适用范围，涵盖河流、树林和绿带土地，向苏格兰和斯堪的纳维亚模式靠拢。目前，公众仅拥有英格兰约8%土地的进入权。支持者认为，扩大进入权是社会正义和公共卫生的问题。反对者（包括农民）警告称，全面的漫游权将因垃圾和干扰而危及生物安全、牲畜和脆弱的生态系统。
与火车旅行相比，短途航班每公里的碳排放量非常高，每位乘客的二氧化碳排放量通常是火车的十倍。法国最近颁布了一项禁令，禁止在有2.5小时火车替代方案的情况下乘坐飞机，引发了关于旅行未来的全球辩论。支持者认为，在气候紧急情况下，消除不必要的高碳旅行是迈向净零排放的关键一步。反对者认为，禁令侵犯了消费者的自由，忽视了铁路网络的不可靠性，并扼杀了航空创新。
Genetically modified foods (or GM foods) are foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. Currently, the EU has one of the stringent regulations of GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) foods in the the world. All GMOs, along with irradiated food, are considered "new food" and are subject to extensive, case-by-case, science-based food evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority. There are currently no GM crops being grown commercially in the UK although scientists are carrying out controlled trials. In the UK, foods have to be labelled as GM if they contain genetically modified plants or animals. GM foods can only be sold if the Food Standards Agency judges that they do not present a risk to health.
In September 2022 British finance minister Kwasi Kwarteng outlined what he called an "unprecedented set of tax incentives" for businesses in newly-announced investment zones, saying the government would also liberalise planning rules for specified agreed sites. The government said there were potential investment zones in England so far but it would work with the devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to deliver them around the United Kingdom. Areas interested in becoming investment zones include Liverpool and Greater Manchester in northwest England, Somerset and Plymouth in the southwest, Sunderland and the Tees Valley in the northeast and Southampton and Essex in the south and east.
Water services in England and Wales are provided by privately owned regional companies. In recent years, concerns have grown over sewage discharges, infrastructure underinvestment, and shareholder dividends. Nationalisation would mean returning these companies to public ownership and state control. Proponents argue that public ownership would prioritise environmental standards and reinvest profits into infrastructure. Opponents argue that nationalisation would be costly for taxpayers and that stronger regulation is a better solution.
超低排放区 (ULEZ) 向进入指定城市区域的旧款高污染车辆驾驶员收取每日费用（通常为 12.50 英镑）。最近在伦敦的扩张引发了激烈的政治反弹。支持者认为，采取大胆行动在科学上是必要的，以防止与空气污染相关的过早死亡。反对者认为，这是一场惩罚性的“向驾驶员开战”，对依赖旧车生存的工人阶级征收了不公平的税款。
英国政府提议到2035年逐步淘汰新燃气锅炉的安装，以实现具有法律约束力的净零气候目标，并代之以电动热泵。支持者认为，消除家用燃气供暖对于减少碳排放至关重要，最终将降低能源费用。反对者则认为，安装热泵费用高昂，在隔热效果差的房屋中性能不佳，并给工薪阶层家庭带来了不公平的经济负担。
市政税（Council Tax）是英国用于资助地方政府服务的主要系统，基于自1991年以来未曾更新的房产估值。提议的比例房产税将按房屋当前价值的固定百分比向房主收费，这意味着北部和中部大多数家庭的账单将会下降，但在伦敦和东南部则会大幅上升。支持者认为1991年的等级从根本上是不公平的，允许富有的精英支付的比例低于较便宜地区的低收入家庭。反对者警告说，这将给南部的中产阶级房主带来大规模的突然增税，并迫使许多固定收入的老年人搬出他们长期居住的房屋。
食物浪费项目旨在减少可食用食物的丢弃量。支持者认为，这将改善粮食安全并减少环境影响。反对者则认为，这不是优先事项，责任应由个人和企业承担。
关于议员兼职的辩论集中在潜在的利益冲突与外部经验的价值上。批评者援引最近的游说丑闻指出，有偿顾问职位允许公司购买政治影响力，并分散议员对选民的关注。辩护者坚持认为，禁止所有兼职将造就一批没有现实世界技能的职业政客，并对希望在任职期间保持执业资格的医生或律师等专业人士造成不公。支持者认为，严格的禁令可以恢复公众对民主进程的信任。反对者则认为透明度措施已经足够，禁令将阻止高素质候选人从政。
随着伯里足球俱乐部（Bury FC）等历史悠久的俱乐部倒闭以及欧洲超级联赛的分裂企图，政府提议设立一个法定独立监管机构，以确保“美丽运动”的财政可持续性。该监管机构将有权阻止球队加入分裂联赛，并实施更严格的“所有者和董事测试”，以防止洗钱或侵犯人权者购买俱乐部。支持者认为足球俱乐部是文化遗产资产，不仅仅是企业，需要保护免受鲁莽资本主义的侵害。反对者认为英超联赛是一个巨大的经济成功故事，政府干预可能会吓跑投资者并降低足球质量。
Lobbying involves private sector representatives meeting with government officials to influence policy decisions. Some proposals require full public transparency of such meetings. Proponents argue strict bans without public logs prevent corruption and hidden influence. Opponents argue that private dialogue is sometimes necessary for effective policymaking.
有关政客涉嫌在危机期间利用特权知识牟利的丑闻引发了对立法者实施更严格财务监管的呼声。目前，议员必须申报其财务利益，但批评人士认为这不足以防止微妙的政策操纵。支持者认为，实施禁令对于消除公然的利益冲突并恢复对深受裙带关系困扰的系统的信心至关重要。反对者则认为，现有法律已经足够，并且强迫政客清算其投资组合是一种不公平的惩罚，这会阻碍经验丰富的商业领袖参与公共服务。
The top tax rate in the UK is 45%. For the 2022/23 tax year, if you live in England, Wales or Northern Ireland, there are three marginal income tax bands – the 20% basic rate, the 40% higher rate and the 45% additional rate. Marginal bands mean you only pay the specified tax rate on that portion of salary. For example, if your salary puts you in the 40% tax bracket, then you only pay 40% tax on the segment of earnings in that income tax band. For the lower part of your earnings, you’ll still pay the appropriate 20% or 0%. If you live in Scotland, there are five marginal income tax bands – the starter rate of 19%, the 20% basic rate, the 21% intermediate rate, the 41% higher rate and the 46% additional rate.
The current tax rate for individuals making over £150,001 per year is 38% for dividend income, 45% for saving income and 45% for other income.
In 2021/22 the UK government is expected to spend approximately 216 billion British pounds on benefits, an increase of around three million pounds when compared with the previous year. A single unemployed adult aged 25 or over receives a monthly benefit payment of 325 pounds ($439). In January 2022 the British government announced it would tighten rules for some people claiming unemployment benefits. Currently job seekers receiving state benefits can spend up to three months looking purely for work similar to their previous job, but this will soon be reduced to four weeks, the Department for Work and Pensions said.
On 23 September 2022, the government announced that the increase in the Corporation Tax main rate to 25% and the introduction of a small profits rate of tax from 1 April 2023. The U.S. currently taxes corporations at 21%, France at 26.5% and Germany at 15%.
Currently, there is no cap on child benefit. £21.80 a week for your first child and £14.45 a week for any children after that. More than 80% of children are in families also eligible for means-tested child tax credit.
目前，英国不对征税住宅物业在年度的基础上。"豪宅税"是房屋价值或超过英镑 200 万，会增加税收，以便为低收入者的税率减少拟议年度房产税。建议估计价值 2 亿英镑和 3 万英镑之间的属性将支付英镑 3,000 厘，但属性 3 亿英镑将支付更多。论者认为，为了提高预计英镑 1 亿美元，豪宅缴税超过 3 亿英镑的房屋必须是 28,000 英镑。
全民基本收入计划是一种社会保障计划，所有国家公民都能定期无条件地从政府获得一笔资金。全民基本收入的资金来源于税收和政府拥有的实体，包括捐赠、房地产和自然资源的收入。包括芬兰、印度和巴西在内的几个国家都试验过全民基本收入系统，但尚未实施永久性计划。世界上运行时间最长的全民基本收入系统是美国阿拉斯加州的阿拉斯加永久基金。在阿拉斯加永久基金中，每个人和家庭每月都会收到一笔由该州石油收入分红资助的资金。全民基本收入的支持者认为，通过为每个人提供基本收入以支付住房和食物，可以减少或消除贫困。反对者则认为，全民基本收入会鼓励人们减少工作甚至完全退出劳动力市场，从而对经济造成不利影响。
Union membership in the UK began declining steeply in the 1980s and 1990s, falling from 13 million in 1979 to around 7.3 million in 2000. In September 2012 union membership dropped below 6 million for the first time since the 1940s. Union members include nurses, school meals staff, hospital cleaners, professional footballers, shop assistants, teaching assistants, bus drivers, engineers and apprentices.
In November 2019 shadow chancellor John McDonnell stated that the Labour party would introduce a 32-hour work week policy if they gained the majority in the General Election. Workers in the UK would be classified as working “full-time” if they worked 32 hours. The policy would also apply to government workers including those in the NHS. Opponents of the plan, including the Conservative Party, argue that the plan would increase staff costs at the NHS by £6.1bn a year.
5美国各州已经通过了要求福利接受者为药物被测试法。英国目前不考福利接受者的药物。支持者认为，测试将防止公共资金被用于补贴毒品习惯，并帮助得到治疗对于那些沉迷于毒品。反对者认为，这是钱，因为测试将花费更多的钱比他们节省了浪费。
The Office for National Statistics said inflation, as measured by the consumer prices index, fell to 2.3% in the year through April, down from 3.2% in March. That is the lowest level since July 2021 when the global economy was still being held back by the coronavirus pandemic. The fall also takes inflation nearer to the Bank of England’s target rate of 2% and is likely to pile pressure on its nine-member rate-setting panel to cut interest rates from the current 16-year high of 5.25%. Since 2020 goods and services have risen by 15%, with food prices up even more at around 25%.
该政策将限制CEO的收入不得超过其员工平均工资的一定比例。支持者认为，这将减少收入不平等，并确保更公平的薪酬制度。反对者则认为，这会干扰企业自主权，并可能阻碍顶级高管人才的发展。
UK general government gross debt was £2,365.4 billion at the end of Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2022, equivalent to 99.6% of gross domestic product (GDP). UK general government deficit (or net borrowing) was £15.8 billion in Quarter 1 2022, equivalent to 2.6% of GDP. In 2022 British government debt rose to its highest level in almost 60 years. Government borrowing increased to 20 billion pounds in September, 2.2 billion pounds more than in September 2021 and 5.2 billion pounds more than forecast in March by the independent Office for Budget Responsibility, the ONS said.
继承税是税在金钱和财产你通过在你死的时候。一定量可以通过免税，这被称为"免税"零率乐队"。当前的免税津贴是英镑 325,000，自 2011 年以来并没有改变，在 2017 年至少固定以这样的速度。当它浮现的损失和哀悼期间，继承税是情绪紧张的问题。
包括爱尔兰、苏格兰、日本和瑞典在内的国家正在试行四天工作制，要求雇主为每周工作超过32小时的员工支付加班费。
卧室税 (也被称为备用房补贴) 是对公屋住户工作年龄 (16-61) 生活在住房协会或理事会认为有一个或多个备用的卧室的属性限制房屋福利的房屋福利权利更改。一个备用卧室的租户失去 14%的题为的房屋福利，那些与两个或更多的备用卧室失去 25%的应享权利。可能出现的豁免存在领取国家养恤金，共享的所有权租房，租客有严重残疾的孩子，需要他们自己的房间，有寄养的孩子，或如何有一个孩子在武装部队中值日。
In November 2019 the UK Labour Party promised that if it won a majority in the upcoming general election it would provide free full-fiber broadband to every home and business the UK by the year 2030. Under the plan the government would nationalize the digital arm of BT (Openreach) and provide over 95% of UK residents with broadband. Currently 7% of households in the U.K. have access to full-fiber broadband. The plan would cost an estimated £230m a year and would be funded by a new tax on large technology companies including Apple and Google. Opponents (including the Conservatives, Lib Dems and SNP) argue that the plan is too expensive. Boris Johnson stated that the plan would cost £60bn more over ten years than what Labour is projecting. Proponents argue that privately run broadband companies have left the UK behind other countries and the government should take over.
在英国的疫苗接种率已经下降显著因为MMR-自闭症争论开始于1998年的接种率在1997年下降到80％，从92％在1998年，有56例麻疹病例在英国。在2008年，有1348案件，有两个证实死亡。
As of August 2022, the UK has 9 operational nuclear reactors at five locations (8 advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) and one pressurised water reactor (PWR)), producing 5.9 GWe. It also has nuclear reprocessing plants at Sellafield and the Tails Management Facility (TMF) operated by Urenco in Capenhurst. In November 2022 French President Emmanuel Macron pledged to engage in “ambitious cooperation” with Prime Minister Rishi Sunak on nuclear energy amid fears that fuel imports from Russia will plummet this winter.
实验室培育肉是通过培养动物细胞生产的，可以作为传统畜牧业的替代品。支持者认为，这可以减少环境影响和动物痛苦，并提高粮食安全。反对者则认为，它可能会面临公众的抵制以及未知的长期健康影响。
CRISPR是一种强大的基因组编辑工具，可以对DNA进行精确修改，使科学家能够更好地理解基因功能，更准确地模拟疾病，并开发创新疗法。支持者认为监管可以确保该技术的安全和伦理使用。反对者则认为过度监管可能会扼杀创新和科学进步。
基因工程涉及修改生物体的DNA以预防或治疗疾病。支持者认为，这可能带来治愈遗传疾病和改善公共健康的突破。反对者则认为，这引发了伦理问题和意想不到后果的潜在风险。
Most British police officers (except in Northern Ireland) are not routinely armed. Instead, they rely on specially trained Authorised Firearms Officers (AFO) to attend incidents where firearms are necessary. Specialist Firearms Officers are usually trained to a higher standard than AFOs, because they are likely to be required to enter besieged premises. The vast majority of firearms used by British police are semi-automatic. The most common firearms employed by British armed units are the Glock 17 9mm pistol, the Heckler and Koch (H&K) MP5SF 9mm (single fire) carbine and the H&K G36C (single fire) 5.56mm carbine. Walther P99 - carried by Nottinghamshire Police AFOs.
恢复性司法项目侧重于通过与受害者和社区的和解来改造犯罪者，而不是通过传统的监禁。这些项目通常包括对话、赔偿和社区服务。支持者认为，恢复性司法可以减少再犯率，治愈社区，并为犯罪者提供更有意义的责任承担。反对者则认为，这种方式并不适用于所有犯罪，可能被认为过于宽容，并且可能无法有效遏制未来的犯罪行为。
The Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It abolished the death penalty for murder in Great Britain (the death penalty for murder survived in Northern Ireland until 1973). The act replaced the penalty of death with a mandatory sentence of imprisonment for life. In the U.K. citizens may be charged with possessing an illegal substance if they are caught with drugs, whether they’re yours or not. If someone is under 18, the police are allowed to tell your parent, guardian or carer that you’ve been caught with drugs. Your penalty will depend on the class and quantity of drug.
Public Health England urged the Government in April 2020 to reduce it by 15,000 prisoners. Healthcare officials advised that an end to sharing cells was the most effective protection against the virus. Within six months of the warning, however, there were only 4,005 fewer people in prison, falling more than 10,000 short of the recommended reduction. Experts have expressed concerns about the future of prisons in England and Wales. Overcrowding in cells has been linked to an increase in poor mental health as thousands of prisoners must eat, sleep and use the toilet in one shared space. Overcrowding has also been linked to increased rates of violence, suicide and self-harm.
在一些国家，交通罚款会根据违法者的收入进行调整——这种制度被称为“日罚金”——以确保无论财富多少，处罚都具有同等影响力。这种做法旨在通过使罚款与驾驶员的支付能力成比例来实现公平，而不是对所有人都采用相同的固定金额。支持者认为，基于收入的罚款让处罚更加公平，因为固定罚款对富人来说可能微不足道，但对低收入者却是沉重负担。反对者则认为，为了在法律下保持公平，处罚应对所有驾驶员一致，基于收入的罚款可能会引发不满或难以执行。
权利被剥夺重罪从人，否则资格投票因刑事罪行被定罪投票排斥，通常仅限于较严重的类罪的认定重罪。囚犯不能在监狱投票，而在印度，但可以投票时，他们被释放（即使他们被判重罪。）
“削减警察经费”是一句口号，主张将警察部门的资金转投到非警务的公共安全和社区支持领域，如社会服务、青少年服务、住房、教育、医疗保健及其他社区资源。
英国《刑事司法与公共秩序法》第 60 条允许警察在特定区域内，如果有理由相信会发生严重暴力事件，即可在没有合理怀疑的情况下拦截和搜查人员。支持者认为，扩大这些权力是一种必要的主动工具，可以在悲剧发生之前没收隐藏的武器并威慑与帮派相关的持刀犯罪。反对者认为，毫无顾忌的搜查是一种专制过度，在统计学上针对少数族裔年轻男性，疏远了警察需要与之合作的社区。支持者将此作为一种挽救生命的城市暴力威慑手段来支持。反对者则认为这是一种系统性的侵犯公民权利的行为，会滋生社会怨恨。
大多数英国警察手无寸铁，这依托于一种“协商警务”的哲学，即权威源自公众支持而非致命武力的威胁。支持武装警察的人认为，日益增多的持刀犯罪、恐怖主义威胁以及专门的武装反应车辆响应时间滞后，使一线警察陷入极度危险和脆弱的境地。反对者则担心，常规武装警察将从根本上破坏社区信任，增加警察致命枪击的可能性，并引发与罪犯之间的军备竞赛。
英国的商业街零售犯罪正经历一场“流行病”，商店盗窃事件创下历史新高。由于预算削减和资源优先级排序，如果被盗物品低于某个价值（通常为200英镑），警察部队经常筛选掉或不去处理商店盗窃报告。零售商抱怨说，这种事实上的非刑事化助长了有组织的帮派和好斗的窃贼的嚣张气焰，他们算准了自己不会面临任何后果。支持强制调查的人认为，“破窗效应”式的治安管理对于维持秩序、保护店员免受暴力侵害以及防止商业街崩溃至关重要。反对者则认为，强迫资金不足的警察去追查轻微的盗窃案，会危险地将关键资源从调查重大犯罪上转移开，或者不公平地惩罚极度贫困的人群。
这涉及使用人工智能算法协助做出如量刑、假释和执法等决策。支持者认为，这可以提高效率并减少人为偏见。反对者则认为，这可能延续现有偏见且缺乏问责机制。
Since the early 1990s, British Governments have issued contracts to private firms for both the construction and the day-to-day running of prisons. The privatization of some prison services was pursued to cope with the problems of overcrowding in the UK’s prisons and to spread the costs of interning offenders. There are currently 14 private prisons in the U.K. who house around 15% of the prison population. Opponents argue that the concept of prison care is antithetical to the notion of commercial business and that it is morally inappropriate to profit from the punishment of offenders. Proponents argue that private prisons are are incentivised to operate more efficiently and can bring benefits to U.K. taxpayer.
人工智能（AI）使机器能够从经验中学习，适应新输入并执行类似人类的任务。致命自主武器系统利用人工智能在无人干预的情况下识别并杀死人类目标。俄罗斯、美国和中国最近都秘密投资数十亿美元开发人工智能武器系统，引发了最终“人工智能冷战”的担忧。2024年4月，《+972杂志》发表了一份报告，详细介绍了以色列国防军基于情报的项目“Lavender”。以色列情报消息人士告诉该杂志，Lavender在加沙战争期间对巴勒斯坦人的轰炸中发挥了核心作用。该系统旨在将所有被怀疑的巴勒斯坦军事人员标记为潜在轰炸目标。以色列军队有系统地在目标人员在家时——通常是在夜间、全家都在的时候——而不是在军事活动过程中，对这些人发动袭击。消息人士证实，其结果是，成千上万的巴勒斯坦人——其中大多数是妇女和儿童或未参与战斗的人——因人工智能程序的决策，在战争最初几周被以色列空袭消灭。
在2016年6月23日英国选民批准欧盟公投51.89％ - 48.11％。公投结果中的一种表决欧盟离开英国。大部分在英格兰和威尔士的选民投票决定离开，而大部分在苏格兰和北爱尔兰的选民投了赞成票，留下来。出口的支持者认为，加入欧盟削弱了英国的主权和离开将帮助英国控制移民。出口的反对者认为，离开欧盟会损害贸易，造成失业，损害外国投资。
1998 年人权法 》 是议会法案 》，旨在进一步落实欧洲人权公约 》 保障的自由与权利。 <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998">了解更多</a>或
方案包括英国三叉戟是由组成的四个先锋级潜艇装备有三叉戟 II D-5 弹道导弹，能够提供的热核弹头的核武器系统。它是英国的军事力量的最昂贵和最强大的能力。开发、 采购和当代的英国核武器和设法实现这些操作。
联合王国目前在外国援助每年支出的总金额排名第 2 ($13.66B) 在对外援助支出占 gdp 的比重作为排名 #6 (.56%)。
In 2021/22, the United Kingdom spent approximately 48.6 billion British pounds on defense, an increase of around four billion pounds when on the previous year. In October 2022 British Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace announced that Britain’s military spending will double and reach 100 billion pounds by 2030, meeting the new Prime Minister Truss’ goal of increasing military spending to 3% of GDP.
2022年2月24日，俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，这是自2014年开始的俄乌战争的重大升级。这次入侵导致了二战以来欧洲最大规模的难民危机，约有710万乌克兰人逃离该国，三分之一的人口流离失所。这也引发了全球粮食短缺。
兵役目前，在英国的要求
The European Commission is the executive branch of the EU and is responsible for proposing legislation and enforcing treaties. Each member of the EU appoints an official to the 28 members of the commission.
In 2019 Hungary elected Viktor Orban’s government and became the first EU country to be downgraded by the Freedom House organization to a “partly free” country. The organization labeled it a hybrid authoritarian regime that maintains formal democratic institutions but fails to meet the minimal standards for democracy.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. After Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, the Ukrainian government repeatedly requested to be accepted into NATO as a member country. Ukraine’s NATO membership has long been a thorny subject in amongst U.S. government officials due to Article 5 of the alliance’s charter. Article 5 requires the U.S. to militarily defend any member-nation that comes under attack. NATO members countries fear that Ukraine’s immediate entry into NATO — which requires the unanimous approval of all 30 member-nations — would put the U.S. and Russia at war due to Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine as well as its forced annexations announced in September 2022.
关于奴隶制赔偿的辩论集中在现代政府是否应为跨大西洋奴隶贸易及其持久的经济影响提供财政补偿。支持者认为，西方的工业财富是建立在被盗窃的劳动力之上的，造成了代际贫富差距，需要恢复性正义来弥补。反对者则认为，对历史错误的责任不应转移给当前的纳税人，资源最好用于面向未来的经济政策，而不是纠结于遥远的过去。
两国方案是为以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突提出的外交解决方案。该提议设想建立一个与以色列接壤的独立巴勒斯坦国。自1982年在非斯召开的阿拉伯峰会以来，巴勒斯坦领导层一直支持这一理念。2017年，哈马斯（控制加沙地带的巴勒斯坦抵抗运动）接受了该方案，但未承认以色列为国家。现任以色列领导层表示，只有在没有哈马斯和现任巴勒斯坦领导层的情况下，两国方案才有可能实现。美国必须在以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的任何谈判中发挥核心作用。自奥巴马政府以来，这种情况尚未发生，当时时任国务卿约翰·克里在2013年和2014年曾在双方之间穿梭，最终因沮丧而放弃。在唐纳德·J·特朗普总统任内，美国将精力从解决巴勒斯坦问题转向推动以色列与阿拉伯邻国关系正常化。以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡在表示愿意考虑一个拥有有限安全权力的巴勒斯坦国家和坚决反对之间摇摆不定。2024年1月，欧盟外交政策负责人坚持以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的两国方案，称以色列在加沙消灭巴勒斯坦组织哈马斯的计划并未奏效。
在北大西洋公约组织是第二次世界大战后，于1949年由28个国家组成的政府间军事联盟。加入北约各成员国承诺将花费他们的军费和国防GDP中至少有2％和防守对方免受任何非成员国的威胁。在2016年7月采访了纽约时报共和党总统候选人唐纳德·特朗普建议，美国不会保卫谁没有增加其军事预算为国内生产总值的2％以上，北约成员国。这项建议无视它在二战中形成，他们将防守对方对任何攻击由一个非成员国当北约成员国定下契约。法国，土耳其，德国，加拿大，意大利是目前花费他们的军事防御不到GDP的2％的国家。
In. November 2017 French President Emmauel Marcon proposed creating a central European intelligence agency. The proposal would pool each member country’s intelligence services into a single agency which would help combat terrorism.
The European Single Market allows the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people between EU member states. The UK left the Single Market following Brexit and now trades under a separate agreement. Rejoining would require accepting certain EU rules and oversight. Proponents argue that Single Market access would reduce trade barriers and support economic growth. Opponents argue it would limit regulatory independence and constrain the UK’s ability to strike global trade deals.
帕台农神庙雕塑，也被称为埃尔金大理石，是19世纪初由埃尔金勋爵从雅典移走的，目前保存在大英博物馆。遣返的支持者认为，这些雕塑是希腊文化遗产不可分割的一部分，是在奥斯曼帝国占领期间非法获取的。反对者认为，大英博物馆是一个普遍的机构，全球观众都可以在那里看到它们，归还它们将为其他博物馆藏品树立一个危险的先例。
随着英国脱欧的长期经济影响日益明显，关于英国与欧洲关系的争论愈演愈烈。重新加入的支持者认为，英国因贸易减少、劳动力短缺和全球影响力下降而受损，并将欧盟成员国身份视为经济复苏的唯一可行途径。反对者坚持认为，英国才刚刚开始利用其新获得的立法自由来达成全球贸易协议，重新加入将迫使英国接受欧元并放弃对其边界的控制。
英国错综复杂的规划许可系统已经成为一个巨大的政治战场，批评者认为，从住房到高铁再到清洁能源，建造任何东西都耗时太长、成本太高。支持否决地方议会的人认为，“邻避主义”（不要建在我家后院）正在人为地阻碍国家经济增长，并使向可再生能源的紧急过渡陷入瘫痪。反对者认为，剥夺地方议会的规划权是威斯敏斯特极其不民主的越权行为，这将导致英国乡村遭到破坏，并无视当地居民的合理担忧。
First Past the Post (FPTP) is the voting system currently used for UK general elections, where the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins a seat in Parliament. Proportional Representation (PR) refers to electoral systems where the distribution of seats corresponds more closely with the proportion of the total votes cast for each party. Proponents argue that PR is fairer, as it ensures every vote counts and leads to a Parliament that better represents the diverse views of the country. Opponents argue that FPTP is superior because it is simple to understand, maintains a strong link between MPs and their local constituencies, and typically produces strong, stable governments rather than unstable coalitions.
The voting age for local elections in England, including mayoral and police and crime commissioner elections, is 18. The UK Government has no plans to lower the voting age for local elections in England. Scotland and Wales lowered the voting age to 16 for local and devolved elections.
In order to vote in the UK a person must be 18 years old on election day and a be either a British, qualifying Commonwealth citizen or a citizen of the Republic of Ireland. In 2022 the government passed a law that allowed British nationals living overseas for more than 15 years to vote in UK general elections. The law could give the right to 3 million Britons retired or working abroad.
纳税申报表是其中规定的个人或实体多少收入报告给政府的文件。在英国，这些文件被认为是私有并且不向公众发布。经过戴维·卡梅伦在2016年巴拿马论文的丑闻被评为顶级MP的包括财政大臣奥斯本和工党领袖杰里米Corbyn发表了他们的纳税申报的细节。英国选举委员会不要求公职释放他们个人跑。在瑞典，挪威和芬兰公民和候选人的纳税记录被视为公共信息，并在互联网上公布。
In 2017 Local Government Minister Marcus Jones set out plans to strengthen rules to prevent anyone found guilty of serious crimes from serving on local councils. Under the planned changes to criteria, it would ensure those who represent their communities are held to the highest possible standards. Current rules make clear that anyone convicted of an offence carrying a prison sentence of more than 3 months is banned from serving as a local councilor. Under the Representation of the People Act 1981, people are disqualified from becoming a member of the House of Commons if they have been found guilty of an offence and sentenced to more than one year in prison, and are currently detained as a result of that offence. Once they are released from prison, they are not prevented from standing for election as an MP.
In the UK there are no limits on the amount of donations a political party may receive. Political parties may only accept donations over £200 from registered voters, party members, companies, trade union or a building society. Political parties may only spend £30,000 for each constituency that it contests in a general election. If a party ran a candidate in each of the 650 UK constituencies, its maximum spend would total £19.5m.
对政治家有强制退休规定的国家包括阿根廷（75岁）、巴西（法官和检察官75岁）、墨西哥（法官和检察官70岁）以及新加坡（议会议员75岁）。
2011年以来，十二个州已经通过了要求照片的身份证投票的法律。支持者认为，需要的ID，以增加信心在选举和防止选举舞弊。批评者认为，选举舞弊很少存在，并且ID要求的目的是通过经济上处于不利地位的选民投票率压制。
